Pot irrigation is one of the traditional and intelligent subsurface irrigation methods that has been prevalent for a long time in arid and water-scarce regions. This method is recognized as a low-consumption and efficient solution for water conservation, particularly in agriculture.Background and ObjectiveThe present study aims to identify suitable indigenous and practical irrigation patterns to improve the current conditions in this field by introducing the methods and techniques used by indigenous people in water resource management.Research MethodologyThe statistical population of this research includes experts and individuals familiar with traditional irrigation knowledge. For selecting the research sample members, a purposive sampling method and semi-structured interview technique were used.FindingsThe investigations showed that, according to experts familiar with pot irrigation, using this method can lead to significant water savings. It is also an innovative method suitable for extremely water-scarce areas for cultivating certain agricultural products. Due to reduced water consumption and associated costs, this method can help improve the economic status of farmers in desert regions in the long term.

Background: The lack of electricity and water supply in rural abattoirs in developing nations prevents the adoption of waste-processing technologies practiced in economically advanced countries. This research attempts to recycle waste blood and rumen digesta generated in rural slaughterhouses as organic fertilizer, thus promoting sustainable agriculture.Results: The values of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, concentrations of oil, grease, total suspended solids, total solids, and total phosphorus characterized blood and rumen digesta as highly polluting wastes. Waste blood and rumen digesta were mixed in 1: 1, 2: 1, and 3: 1 ratios and dried to obtain’ bovine-blood-rumen-digesta-mixture’ (BBRDM). The efficacy of the organic fertilizer was compared with diammonium phosphate (DAP) in a pot cultivation of tomato, chili, and brinjal. Five grams of BBRDM (N/P/K=30.36: 1: 5.75) /kilogram of soil applied at the second and sixth weeks produced earlier fruiting by 2 weeks and yielded (in terms of total fruit weight) higher by 130% for tomato, by 259% for chili, and by 273% for brinjal in BBRDM (3: 1) -cultivated plants compared to DAP. BBRDM-applied soils showed higher C, N, and P concentrations than DAP. High-nitrogen-containing BBRDM mineralized rapidly, and nitrogen and phosphorus were available within 6 days of drying. Although high nitrogen concentration caused toxicity when applied at the time of planting to young plants, BBRDM enhanced the yield and productivity when applied to mature plants after 15 days of plantation. Higher numbers of Azotobacter, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, fungi, and amount of chlorophyll were isolated from soils treated with BBRDM than with DAP. Carbohydrate, protein, and fat contents of the vegetables were comparable to DAP-grown vegetables.Conclusions: Highly polluting abattoir wastes could be gainfully utilized, promoting a healthy environment around rural slaughterhouses. The application of BBRDM to crops of marginal returns is an attractive proposal.

In order to study the effects of sulfur granular compost and nitrogen fertilizers on nutrient concentration of iron, zinc, manganese and copper in wheat shoots, with the aim of optimum using of chemical and organic fertilizers for achieving sustainable agriculture, were studied as completely randomized factorial design with treatments and four replicates at pot conditions in Gharakhil Agricultural Research Station. The first factor was consisted of three levels of nitrogen (zero, and mg/kg of soil) applied in the form of urea and the second factor was consisted of four levels of sulfur granular compost (zero, , and g/kg of soil) and the third factor (cultivars N and Darya ). As data showed, integrated use of organic fertilizers with nitrogen fertilizer (urea), Increased concentration of iron, zinc, manganese and copper in wheat compared to the control and the use of nitrogen and organic fertilizers alone. So, the combined application of mg/kg nitrogen along with g/kg of compost increased concentration of iron and manganese. On the other hand, despite the increase in zinc and copper, the uptake of these two elements in plant were with Irregular changes. It seems, wheat was undergo interactions between the elements and compost by the possible presence of heavy metals and inhibition in biological processes. So, both cultivars showed a positive response to the combined application of nitrogen and compost fertilizers. N, however, was significantly superior to Darya.

Localized irrigation methods can be used to manage low water holding capacity in the sandy soils. In this research, the effects of different irrigation systems including pot, tape and drip irrigation with gravity pressures of 0. 5, 1. 5 and 3 meters on the sandy soil moisture distribution under watermelon cultivation were compared with the furrow irrigation as the control treatment. The moisture content of the soil at different depths and at the distance of 5 and 20 cm from the plant was measured using the TDR device. Water distribution study showed that in the pot irrigation method, the moisture content of different depths of soil was kept constant by 16% during the irrigation interval, but the highest moisture content was observed in gravitional drip irrigation treatment at the depths of 40, 50 and 60 cm; in contrast, the lowest amount of moisture was observed in the pot irrigation treatment. In tape and gravitional drip irrigation system with gravity pressure, in addition to the adjustment soil moisture up to 15 to 22% within the wetting front, soil moisture can be kept almost constant by pulsed irrigation technique. Therefore, while providing the use of drip irrigation system with minimum water pressure available in most of the agricultural land (0. 5 m), using pot irrigation can ensure sandy soil moisture retention and soil for the cultivation of fruits such as watermelon plants.

It is possible to prepare a two-dimensional map of a greenhouse for automatic control to perform such operations as spraying and watering through locating the cultivation platforms and pots. Through getting disparity image from rectified stereo images and transferring the data to 3D-space, point cloud model of the environment was constructed. Then by projecting points to XZ plane and putting local maps together, based upon visual odometry, two-dimensional greenhouse environment map of the greenhouse was constructed. In order to detect and separate the cultivation platforms and pots and as well to localize the corner of platforms and position of the pots in the framework of two-dimensional point, three-dimensional coordinates of environment components were employed. Results obtained indicated that the proposed algorithm can detect 100.26 m or 94.05% of total length of the platform. Also, through the algorithm it was possible to detect 83.33% of the corners of the cultivation platforms with an average error of 0.09 meter and mean squared error of 0.009 meter. From the two-dimensional map of the greenhouse, became evident that the proposed algorithm benefits from the detection and localization capability of 92.10% of the pots with an average error of 0.07 meter and mean squared error of 0.006 meter.

Sugar beet at the time of germination and primary growth is sensitive to salin soil and at 6-12 ds/m salinity the germination decreses about 50 percent. Thus, the posibilty of successful planting in saline soils have some difficulties. To study this problem an experiment was considered using split plot within Randomised completely Block design with 4 replications and 85000 plant density at College of Agriculture of Shahid Chamran, Ahvaz University. Main plot were two levels planting methods (Direct and Paper pot Transplanting), and sub plots with 3 levels cultivar(BR1 Monojerm, Monodora and BR1 Multijerm). Were planted under saline soils with EC 13.77 mmhos/cm on September, 27, and the harvest was accomplished on June, 22.Due to results, main plot levels were significantly different. But sub plots level and their interact in all evaluated factors expect Potassium were not significant. Although The direct plantig by view of net and gross sugar, and amount of salts in root was better, but production of paper pot transplanting have preference over direct planting method because of it׳s net and gross sugar and yield root, and this method by producing 68.93 t/h of root and 9.89 t/h sugar was better method and monojerm BR1 cultivar with 57.44 t/h average production of root was the premier cultivar in this experiment.

The salinity of soils is the most limiting factor in agriculture development. In order to apply suitable method for sugar beet cultivation this experiment was conducted in the saline soils of East Azarbaijan. A split plot experiment was undertaken based on randomized complete blocks with four replications for two years. Main plots were different times of transplanting of paper pots (30, 45, 60 days after sowing sugar-beet seed into the paper pots in the greenhouse) and another was direct sowing of sugar-beet seed in the saline soils. The sub plots were two cultivars of sugar-beet seeds. Several variables such as plant density, root yield, white sugar yield, sugar yield per hectare and sodium, potassium, α- amino nitrogen, purity and sugar molasses were measured. The results showed that quantitative traits such as root yield, plant density, sugar yield and white sugar yield per hectare were affected by different transplanting times. The quality characteristics were not affected significantly by this factor. Direct sowing of sugar-beet seed showed the lowest root yield, sugar yield and a white sugar yield (9.8, 1.5 and 1.2 t/h, respectively) as compared to other methods. The maximum root yield, sugar yield and white sugar yield (32.8, 5.4 and 4.2 t/h, respectively) were obtained with transplanting of sugar-beet paper pots after 45 days.

Research on Iranian cuisine has mostly been focused on nutritive values and medical diets that typically can be found in antique Iranian medical texts such as "al-elm-al-aqḍia" or "al-alaj bel-aqḍia". However, few cultural, linguistic, anthropological or socio-historical researches have been done on Iranian crude or cooked foods. This research tries to study "Abgusht", an Iranian traditional food, that can be considered as "Persian pot-au-feu". It was an integral part of Persian cookery books and ones related to Iranian cuisine for more than six centuries. The import and cultivation of non-native species of vegetables(such as potato and tomato), industrial development, migration from rural to urban areas, formation of metropolitan areas, growth of working population, and translating European cookery books to Persian led to the gradual and natural evolution of Abgusht to a "fast food". This in turn caused persistence of Abgusht in the Iranian traditional cuisine menu.